In recent years, Italy’s stance on cannabidiol (CBD) has undergone significant changes, culminating in a stringent regulatory framework by 2025. These developments have profound implications for the nation’s hemp industry and its stakeholders.

CBD Reclassified as a Narcotic

In August 2023, the Italian Ministry of Health issued a decree classifying orally administered CBD products as narcotic substances. This reclassification mandated that such products could only be dispensed through pharmacies with a medical prescription, effectively removing them from over-the-counter availability. The decree also imposed strict manufacturing, storage, and distribution requirements, aligning CBD products with the regulations governing narcotic substances.

The 2025 Security Decree: A Complete Ban on Hemp Flowers

The situation intensified in April 2025 when the Italian government enacted the “Security Decree,” which banned the import, sale, and distribution of hemp inflorescences, regardless of their THC content. This move targeted the core of the hemp industry, as the inflorescences are primary sources of CBD. The decree’s immediate enforcement, without full parliamentary debate, led to widespread concern among hemp producers and retailers.

Economic Fallout for the Hemp Industry

The economic repercussions have been substantial. Prior to these regulations, Italy’s hemp sector was a burgeoning industry, with estimates indicating a direct economic impact of nearly €1 billion and supporting over 22,000 full-time jobs. The new laws have jeopardized this growth, threatening the livelihoods of farmers, retailers, and associated businesses.

Legal Challenges and EU Intervention

In response, industry associations have mounted legal challenges, arguing that the decrees violate European Union laws on the free movement of goods and competition. They contend that CBD, lacking psychoactive effects, should not be subjected to narcotic regulations. The European Commission has been petitioned to assess the compatibility of Italy’s actions with EU legislation, but as of now, the evaluation remains ongoing.

Conclusion: A Nation at a Crossroads

Italy’s recent legislative changes concerning CBD reflect a shift towards more restrictive policies, with significant consequences for the hemp industry. The situation underscores the tension between national regulatory approaches and broader European Union principles, highlighting the need for a balanced framework that considers both public health concerns and economic interests.